Firmware is a specialized class of software embedded directly into hardware devices. It acts as the intermediary between the device’s hardware and higher-level software, enabling basic functions and ensuring proper operation. Unlike regular software, firmware is stored in non-volatile memory (such as ROM, EEPROM, or flash memory), allowing it to persist even when the device is powered off.

Examples of firmware include the code running on your computer’s motherboard, network routers, storage controllers, and embedded systems in IoT devices. Because it operates at such a fundamental level, firmware security is crucial for maintaining the integrity and reliability of modern computing environments.

The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is the modern replacement for the legacy BIOS (Basic Input/Output System). UEFI initializes hardware components and launches the operating system during the boot process. It offers enhanced features such as secure boot, faster startup, support for larger drives, and a more flexible pre-boot environment.

UEFI’s extensibility and complexity, while advantageous for system functionality, also introduce new attack surfaces. As a result, UEFI security has become a focal point for both defenders and adversaries in the cybersecurity landscape.

• Persistence: Firmware remains on the device even after reboots or OS reinstalls, making it harder to detect and remove threats.
• Privilege Level: Firmware operates at a lower level than most software, often with higher privileges, allowing attackers to bypass traditional security controls.
• Update Mechanisms: Firmware updates are less frequent and often lack robust security measures, increasing the risk of exploitation.
• Visibility: Standard security tools may not monitor firmware, leaving it vulnerable to stealthy attacks.

Understanding these differences is vital for developing effective strategies to protect UEFI and defend against firmware-based threats. For more technical background, see Understanding the WiFi WPA3 Algorithm: A Comprehensive Guide.

In 2025, firmware attacks have surged, with attackers increasingly targeting UEFI to gain persistent, stealthy access to systems. According to the Microsoft Security report, over 80% of enterprises have experienced at least one firmware attack in the past two years. The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) has also highlighted a marked increase in UEFI-targeted malware and supply chain attacks.

Key statistics:

• Firmware vulnerabilities increased by 21% year-over-year, according to MITRE.
• UEFI malware detections rose by 35% in 2025, as reported by Kaspersky.
• Supply chain-related firmware incidents accounted for 17% of all critical infrastructure breaches (ENISA).

• Malicious Firmware Updates: Attackers distribute compromised firmware updates to inject malware directly into devices.
• UEFI Rootkits: Sophisticated malware implants itself in UEFI, evading detection and maintaining persistence.
• Supply Chain Compromises: Adversaries tamper with firmware during manufacturing or distribution, infecting devices before they reach end-users.
• Physical Attacks: Direct access to hardware allows attackers to reflash firmware or exploit vulnerabilities.

Several high-profile firmware attacks have made headlines in recent years:

• CosmicStrand UEFI Rootkit: Discovered by Kaspersky in 2022, this rootkit infected the UEFI firmware of motherboards, allowing attackers to maintain persistent control over compromised systems (Kaspersky).
• LoJax: The first UEFI rootkit found in the wild, LoJax targeted government organizations and critical infrastructure, demonstrating the real-world impact of UEFI exploitation (ESET).
• TrickBot’s UEFI Module: In 2023, researchers uncovered a TrickBot module designed to modify UEFI firmware, further highlighting the trend toward firmware-level attacks (CrowdStrike).

Firmware attacks are notoriously stealthy. By embedding malicious code in UEFI, attackers can evade traditional detection methods and maintain persistent access even after system reboots or OS reinstalls. This persistence makes remediation challenging and allows attackers to operate undetected for extended periods.

Because firmware operates below the operating system, most endpoint protection solutions and antivirus tools are blind to UEFI threats. Attackers can bypass security controls, disable logging, and manipulate system behavior at a fundamental level. This ability to circumvent defenses makes firmware attacks especially dangerous.

The consequences of a successful firmware attack can be severe:

• Data Exfiltration: Attackers can steal sensitive data, intellectual property, and credentials.
• Operational Disruption: Compromised firmware can lead to system instability, downtime, and loss of productivity.
• Financial Loss: Remediation costs, regulatory fines, and reputational damage can be substantial.
• Supply Chain Risks: Infected devices can propagate malware to partners, customers, and downstream systems.

For a detailed analysis of firmware attack impacts, refer to SANS Institute: Firmware Attacks. To better understand how these attacks bypass controls, review Bruteforce Attack Limits: Calculate Time Needed.

Supply chain attacks involve compromising firmware during manufacturing, assembly, or distribution. Attackers may insert malicious code into UEFI before devices reach end-users, making detection extremely difficult. These attacks can affect entire fleets of hardware and have widespread consequences.

For more on supply chain threats, see CISA: Supply Chain Risk Management. You can also explore Supply Chain Attacks 2025: Secure Vendors for current industry strategies.

UEFI rootkits and bootkits are advanced forms of malware that infect the boot process. By embedding themselves in UEFI, these threats gain control before the operating system loads, allowing them to hide from security tools and maintain persistence.

• Rootkits: Modify UEFI code to provide attackers with privileged access.
• Bootkits: Intercept and manipulate the boot process to load malicious payloads.

For technical details, refer to MITRE ATT&CK: Bootkit.

Firmware updates are essential for patching vulnerabilities, but insecure update mechanisms can be exploited by attackers. Common issues include:

• Lack of Authentication: Updates are not cryptographically signed or verified.
• Insecure Delivery: Updates are distributed over unencrypted channels.
• Insufficient Validation: Devices fail to validate the integrity of update files.

Attackers exploit these weaknesses to deliver malicious firmware, as highlighted in the NIST Firmware Update Security Guidelines.

Detecting UEFI threats requires vigilance and specialized tools. Common indicators of compromise (IoCs) include:

• Unexpected changes to boot settings or firmware configurations.
• Unexplained system instability or crashes during boot.
• Presence of unknown drivers or modules in firmware memory.
• Failed or suspicious firmware update attempts.

For a comprehensive list of IoCs, consult CrowdStrike: Indicators of Compromise.

Standard antivirus solutions are often ineffective against firmware attacks. Instead, organizations should leverage specialized tools and techniques:

• Firmware Scanners: Tools like CHIPSEC and UEFITool can analyze firmware images for anomalies.
• Hardware-Based Attestation: Technologies such as Trusted Platform Module (TPM) and Intel Boot Guard verify firmware integrity at boot.
• Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR): Advanced EDR solutions may include firmware monitoring capabilities.

For more on firmware detection, see BleepingComputer: UEFI Malware Detection. To learn more about effective monitoring, check out Wireshark Guide 2025: Analyze Traffic Like Pro.

Responding to a firmware attack requires a specialized approach:

• Isolate Affected Systems: Immediately disconnect compromised devices from the network.
• Forensic Analysis: Use hardware-based tools to analyze firmware images and identify malicious modifications.
• Reflash Firmware: Restore firmware from a trusted, clean source. In some cases, hardware replacement may be necessary.
• Update Security Policies: Review and update incident response plans to include firmware-specific procedures.
• Engage Experts: Consult with vendors and cybersecurity specialists for remediation support.

Refer to FIRST: Firmware Security SIG for incident response frameworks.

Secure Boot is a UEFI feature that ensures only trusted, signed software can execute during the boot process. Enabling Secure Boot helps prevent unauthorized code from running at startup and mitigates the risk of rootkits and bootkits.

• Enable Secure Boot on all compatible devices.
• Use cryptographic signatures for firmware and bootloaders.
• Monitor for unauthorized changes to Secure Boot settings.

For implementation guidance, see Microsoft: UEFI Secure Boot Guidance.

Keeping firmware up to date is critical for closing security gaps. However, updates must be managed securely:

• Apply firmware updates from trusted sources only.
• Verify cryptographic signatures before installation.
• Maintain an inventory of firmware versions across all devices.
• Monitor vendor advisories for new vulnerabilities and patches.

For best practices, refer to CIS: Firmware Security Best Practices.

Human error remains a leading cause of security incidents. Educate employees about the risks of firmware attacks and the importance of secure update practices:

• Train staff to recognize phishing attempts and social engineering tactics.
• Promote awareness of supply chain risks and counterfeit hardware.
• Encourage reporting of suspicious device behavior or update prompts.

For training resources, see ISACA: Firmware Security Awareness.

Work closely with hardware and software vendors to ensure robust UEFI security:

• Request transparency about firmware development and update processes.
• Participate in coordinated vulnerability disclosure programs.
• Advocate for secure-by-design principles in hardware procurement.
• Engage in regular security assessments and audits with vendors.

For more on vendor collaboration, consult ISO/IEC 20243: Open Trusted Technology Provider Standard.

As defenders improve detection and response capabilities, attackers are expected to develop new methods for exploiting UEFI firmware:

• AI-Driven Malware: Use of artificial intelligence to evade detection and adapt to security controls.
• Firmware Ransomware: Ransomware targeting UEFI to lock devices at the firmware level.
• Cross-Platform Exploits: Attacks targeting firmware in IoT, mobile, and cloud environments.

For emerging threats, monitor reports from Unit 42 and Rapid7.

The cybersecurity community is actively developing solutions to counter firmware threats:

• Hardware Root of Trust: Enhanced use of TPM and hardware security modules.
• Automated Firmware Scanning: Integration of firmware analysis into continuous security monitoring.
• Industry Standards: Adoption of frameworks like NIST SP 800-193 for platform firmware resiliency.

Continued collaboration between industry, government, and academia is essential to stay ahead of evolving threats.

Firmware attacks represent a growing and formidable challenge in the cybersecurity landscape of 2025. As attackers increasingly target UEFI to gain persistent, stealthy access to critical systems, organizations must prioritize UEFI security as part of their overall defense strategy. By understanding the unique risks of firmware exploitation, implementing best practices, and staying informed about emerging threats, you can significantly reduce your exposure to these advanced attacks.

The key to effective defense is a proactive, multi-layered approach—combining technology, process, and people. Stay vigilant, collaborate with trusted vendors, and make firmware security an integral part of your cybersecurity program. For a broader perspective on current and future threats, refer to Cybersecurity Trends 2025: 5 Threats to Watch.

• CISA: Firmware Security Best Practices
• MITRE: CVE Top 25
• NIST: Firmware Update Security Guidelines
• ENISA: Firmware Security
• MITRE ATT&CK: Bootkit
• CrowdStrike: TrickBot UEFI Module
• SANS Institute: Firmware Attacks
• CIS: Firmware Security Best Practices
• ISACA: Firmware Security Awareness
• FIRST: Firmware Security SIG